Systematics and evolution of the cutworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): evidence from two protein‐coding nuclear genes

摘要: .  A broad molecular systematic survey of Noctuidae was undertaken to test recent hypotheses on the problematic definitions and relationships subfamilies, with special emphasis ‘trifines.’ An initial hypothesis noctuid classification subtribal level synthesized from reviews, then sampled as broadly possible. Concatenated sequences for nuclear genes elongation factor-1α (EF-1α; 1200 bp) dopa decarboxylase (DDC; 700–1100 bp) were analysed a total 146 exemplar species, twice that previous study. Trees estimated using likelihood, distance, both equally weighted ‘six-parameter’ parsimony. Of 144 possible nodes, bootstrap support (BP) was ≥ 50% ∼80, ≥ 80% ∼60. There very strong (BP ≥ 90%) an ‘L.A.Q.’ clade encompassing nearly all quadrifine noctuids plus Arctiidae Lymantriidae, decisively rendering paraphyletic. We present new Noctuoidea in which sensu stricto is restricted trifines; most subfamilies are raised full families. Within clade, Aganainae Herminiinae strongly grouped, but other weakly supported, probably due limited taxon sampling. Nolidae Euteliinae + Stictopterinae generally grouped weak support. All analyses favour broadest proposed trifine (our stricto) although not strong, except Eustrotiinae: Eublemmini placed securely clade. Numerous proposals dismantling recombining ‘Hampsonian’ traditional notably defined ‘true cutworm’ (Noctuinae s.l.), greater part Amphipyrinae, Cuculliinae, Hadeninae Noctuinae s.s. (BP ≥ 95%). this there Apameini s.s.+ Xylenini s.l. divisions thereof, little monophyly or subdivision Hadeninae. invariably allied Heliothinae, scattered remnants several smaller groups broader ‘pest clade’, albeit Relationships among remaining ‘lower’ trifines resolved. Mapping preliminary synopsis species diversities, host use patterns latitudinal distributions phylogeny suggests diversification may have been promoted, degree unique Macrolepidoptera, by Tertiary expansion seasonal, open habitats their associated herbaceous floras.