Noninvasive brain stimulation for the treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia- methods, effects and challenges

摘要: This mini-review focuses on noninvasive brain stimulation techniques as an augmentation method for the treatment of persistent auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in patients with schizophrenia. Paradigmatically, we place emphasis transcranial magnetic (TMS). We specifically discuss rationales and consider methodological questions together issues phenotypic diversity individuals drug-refractory AVH. Eventually, provide a brief outlook future investigations directions. Taken together, current evidence suggests TMS promising Low-frequency superior temporal cortex may reduce symptom severity frequency. Yet clinical effects are relatively short duration effect sizes appear to decrease over time along publication larger trials. Apart from considering other innovative techniques, such Direct Current Stimulation, optimizing protocols, AVH using will essentially rely accurate identification potential responders non-responders these modalities. In this regard, studies need distinct presentations schizophrenia, putative functional neurocircuitry underlying phenotypes.