Biotic Threats to Cycas micronesica Continue to Expand to Complicate Conservation Decisions

摘要: Invasions of non-native species can threaten native biodiversity, and island ecosystems are ideal for studying these phenomena. In this article, first, we report on the invasive that combine to cycad Cycas micronesica by reviewing history previously reported invasions providing an update recent invasions. Then, prioritize threat status each herbivore interactions among them. Plant damage was initiated in 2003─2005 Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi armored scale, Erechthias sp. Meyrick leaf miner, Luthrodes pandava Horsfield butterfly, which elicited unprecedented irruptions Acalolepta marianarum Aurivillius stem borer increased herbivory feral pigs (Sus scrofa L.). The combined impact five consumers represents greatest sustained tree species. Mitigation caused phytophagous is urgently needed conserve unique gymnosperm tree.