State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers
作者： Manfred Thumm
DOI: 10.1007/S10762-019-00631-Y
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摘要: This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to development high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons many applications. In addition, this work gives short overview on present status frequency step-tunable multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt technological spectroscopy applications, relativistic large orbit (LOGs), quasi-optical fast- slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron (FEMs), dielectric vacuum windows such mm-wave sources. Gyrotron (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as millimeter wave sources resonance heating (ECRH), current drive (ECCD), stability control, diagnostics magnetically confined plasmas clean generation energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class employing synthetic diamond output is 30 min (CPI European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). world record parameters tube follows: 0.92 MW power at 30-min duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, 44% efficiency, single-stage depressed collector (SDC) recovery. A 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses 45% efficiency was generated with QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. Japan 170-GHz ITER achieved 1 MW, 800 s 55% holds 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) 57% tubes an more than 0.5 MW. Russian obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW duration 1000 (100) s 53% efficiency. prototype 2-MW, 2.2 MW 48% 96% purity. Gyrotrons magnet various short-pulse applications deliver Pout = 210 kW τ = 20 μs frequencies up 670 GHz (η ≅ 20%), Pout = 5.3 kW 1 THz (η = 6.1%), Pout = 0.5 kW 1.3 THz (η = 0.6%). have also been successfully materials processing. Such require following parameters: f > 24 GHz, Pout = 4–50 kW, CW, η > 30%. powers produced gyroklystrons FEMs 10 kW (94 GHz) 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. IR FEL Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility USA average 14.2 kW wavelength 1.6 μm. THz (NOVEL) Budker Institute Nuclear Physics Russia 0.5 kW wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).
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