Escape of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) eggs from parasitism by Anaphes iole (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in strawberries: plant structure effects.

摘要: Abstract Herbivorous insects in natural and agricultural systems experience variation parasitoid attack on different plant species due to direct indirect influences parasitoids. Lygus hesperus is a native polyphagous mirid that suffers up 100% parasitism by the egg Anaphes iole certain weed hosts, but with inundative releases commercial strawberries, we achieve L. suppression. We examined distribution individual strawberry plants A. of eggs structures determine whether plant-related factors affected performance strawberries. laid more (46.5% all laid) fruit (between achenes [seeds] fleshy receptacle) than petiole (23.3%), leaflet (20.3%), peduncle (6.2%), or calyx (3.7%). In no-choice test, was higher (96.7%), (91.9%), (85.2%) (51.8%), which appeared hinder access host eggs. addition, young fruits interachene distance minimum, considerably lower (25.4%) receptacle swelling had resulted distances were medium (65.7% parasitism) large (77.1% parasitism). Our results suggest can provide refugia from maximum protection occurs when are contiguous. The presence strawberries limits impact augmentative biological control iole, highlighting need for its integration other strategies effectively suppress