Magnetization Characterization of Superconductors

摘要: The superconducting state occurs for many elements, alloys, and compounds when cooled to sufficiently low temperatures, specifically, below the critical temperature, Tc. initial discoveries by Onnes in 1911 1914 were of loss electrical resistance at very temperatures its reestablishment applying a strong enough magnetic field or high current. A further discovery Meissner Ochsenfeld 1933 was that could be expelled from material as it through This perfect diamagnetic behavior coupled with conductivity led derivation London equations describing 1935. At present, there are known materials ranging pure elements such lead, liquid helium complex ceramics YBaCuO7-x operating nitrogen temperatures. Also, uses superconductors vary enormously sensitive detectors electric power cables. Certain engineered composites can carry transport currents fields much research this time is being devoted development commercial also utility applications. characterization these technological important part activities. Here, we present some basic features magnetization superconductors, particular temperature superconductors. Keywords: superconductors; magnetism; magnetization; flux line pinning; critical currents; type II