Application of Acute Phase Proteins for Monitoring Inflammatory States in Cattle

摘要: The animal body functions in a controlled internal environment, strictly regulated by variety of homeostatic mechanisms. However, the milieu is disturbed external factors that lead to imbalance inner homeostasis. host equipped with multiple tools abolish challenges like tissue injury and infection activation various defense mechanisms; however, mobilization all these responses associated alterations status. multifaceted immune metabolic are commonly referred as acute-phase response (APR) (Kushner, 1982; Koj, 1985; Baumann & Gauldie, 1994; Moshage, 1997; Mackiewicz, 1997). aim APR eliminate agent(s) caused interference bring homeostasis back normality (Figure 1). initiated stimuli including acute trauma, bacterial infection, surgery, fracture, burns, necrosis, presence chronic disease, or ongoing inflammatory processes Gordon Steel Whitehead, Boosalis et al., 1996; usually resolves within few days weeks, however sometimes it can persist when causal agent defiant (Boosalis 1998). numerous compounds cytokines (Mackiewicz, 1998; Martin 1999). latter produced macrophages, they activated endotoxin, viruses, free radicals, prostaglandins, other released under different conditions. main macrophages interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interferon-gamma (INF-) (Koj, release proinflammatory cytokines, at site injury, stimulates cell types produce cascade IL-6-type which act stimulate production phase proteins (APP) from liver hepatocytes tissues (Baigrie 1991; Although local sites complex, believed IL-1 IL-6 two stimulants APP (Gauldie 1987; Nijsten Ohzato 1992).