Diagnosis and treatment of the Nutcracker syndrome: a review of the last 10 years.
作者： Guilherme Lourenço de Macedo , Matheus Alves dos Santos , Andrey Biff Sarris , Ricardo Zanetti Gomes
关键词:
摘要: The nutcracker syndrome is characterized by a group of clinical manifestations caused compression the Left Renal Vein. main symptoms are: macro and micro hematuria, proteinuria, flank pain. Diagnosis usually made after excluding other causes, because there are no criteria for diagnosis. Confirmation Doppler ultrasonography or computed tomography. Treatment can vary, depending on patient characteristics severity symptoms, while conservative treatment, open surgery, endovascular surgery may be employed. Currently, still first-line but some less invasive approaches gaining acceptance.
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