Interactions between climate change and land use change on biodiversity: attribution problems, risks, and opportunities

摘要: Global change drivers are known to interact in their effects on biodiversity, but much research date ignores this complexity. As a consequence, there problems the attribution of biodiversity different and, therefore, our ability manage habitats and landscapes appropriately. Few studies explicitly acknowledge account for interactive (i.e. non-additive) land use climate biodiversity. One reason is that mechanisms by which poorly understood. We evaluate such mechanisms, including interactions between demographic parameters, evolutionary trade-offs synergies threshold population size patch occupancy persistence. Other reasons lack appropriate limited data availability analytical issues addressing interaction effects. highlight influence errors can have projections discuss experimental designs tools suited challenge. Finally, we summarise risks opportunities provided existence Risks include ineffective conservation management; also arise, whereby negative impacts be reduced through management as an adaptation measure. hope increasing understanding key underlying discussing will help researchers, policy makers practitioners better minimise exploit use-climate interactions.