Demographic Variables for Wild Asian Elephants Using Longitudinal Observations

摘要: Detailed demographic data on wild Asian elephants have been difficult to collect due habitat characteristics of much the species’ remaining range. Such data, however, are critical for understanding and modeling population processes in this endangered species. We present from six years an ongoing study (Elephas maximus) Uda Walawe National Park, Sri Lanka. This relatively undisturbed numbering over one thousand is individually monitored, providing cohort-based information mortality reproduction. Reproduction was seasonal, such that most births occurred during long inter-monsoon dry season peaked May. During study, average age at first reproduction 13.4 50th percentile inter-birth interval approximately 6 years. Birth sex ratios did not deviate significantly parity. Fecundity stable throughout observed reproductive life individual (ages 11–60), averaging between 0.13–0.17 female offspring per year. Mortalities injuries based carcasses disappearances showed males were more likely than females be killed or injured through anthropogenic activity. Overall, appear fatal. exhibits higher fecundity density relative published estimates other elephant populations, possibly enhanced by range constriction. Understanding factors responsible these dynamics can shed insight future needs population, with probable parallels populations similar settings.