作者: Frederick R. DeRubertis , Patricia A. Cravens
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-153-6_9
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摘要: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in United States and most other developed nations. Approximately 40% new patients who entered ESRD programs 2003 had DN; overall rate resulting from diabetes has risen 68% since 1992 (1). Moreover, even earliest clinically detected stage injury (microalbuminuria) associated with an increased prevalence macrovascular (2, 3, 4, 5). Thus, mortality, morbidity, costs DN extend far beyond those directly attributable to per se. They include burden seen at earlier stages Common pathogenic mechanisms operative both microvascular may account least part for this association (6,7).