Stigma Management in International Relations: Transgressive Identities, Norms, and Order in International Society

摘要: This article develops a theoretical approach to stigma in international relations and resituates conventional approaches the study of norms order. Correcting general understanding that common values are building blocks social order, this claims society is part constructed through stigmatization �transgressive� norm-violating states their ways coping with stigma. Drawing on Erving Goffman, shows not passive objects socialization, but active agents. Stigmatized cope strategically may, some cases, challenge even transform dominant moral discourse. A typology management strategies presented: recognition (illustrated by Germany); rejection Austria); finally counter-stigmatization Cuba). Because lack agreement what constitutes normal state behavior, attempts impose may have opposite effect�the stigmatizers become transgressive. focus opens up new avenues for research norms, identities,