Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health

摘要: Abstract Over the last decade, our understanding of environmental controls on Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and domoic acid (DA) production has matured. have been found along most world's coastlines, while impacts its toxin, DA, are persistent detrimental in upwelling systems. However, DA recently detected open ocean's high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll regions, addition to fjords, gulfs bays, showing their presence diverse environments. The toxin measured zooplankton, shellfish, crustaceans, echinoderms, worms, marine mammals birds, as well sediments, demonstrating stable transfer through food web abiotically benthos. linkage nitrogenous nutrient physiology, trace metal acquisition, even salinity, suggests that control is complex likely influenced by a suite factors may be unique particular region. Advances knowledge sexual reproduction, also field populations, illustrate importance bloom dynamics toxicity. combination careful taxonomy powerful new molecular methods now allow for complete characterization populations how they respond changes. Here we summarize research represents increased over decade including changes worldwide range, phylogeny, ecology, monitoring public health impacts.