Linkages between environmental innovation and policy measures in the EU15

摘要: In March 2007, the European Commission presented “Renewable Energy Roadmap”, a document establishing binding target for all Union’s Member States to increase their renewable energy consumption rates from sources such as wind, solar, hydro or biomass. The overall value (for EU Members) was set at 20 percent and should be reached by year 2020. production introduced in sector just after crises of 1970s private attempts few countries deal with prospective security issues. addition, technologies contributed pollution abatement, which has been challenging issue ever since, due non-depletable nature decreased amount greenhouse gas emissions compared ones produced fossil fuels. December 2008 Union adopted proposal (2008), stated each country’s share consumption, calculated on basis per capita gross domestic product. Directive included in-between targets (such 25 between 2011 2012) but no constraints implementation. Besides Renewables share, another solution proposed concept “energy efficiency”. This idea is defined decreasing 20% contrast concept, efficiency implemented following regulations suggested Commission. general policy instruments have used remain same those they more clearly sectors (households, industries, transports services). Despite fact that proceeded widely faster. These two trends most representative concerning changes started promoting last decades. Their effect multi-oriented: prevention depletion dependence foreign according directions Kyoto protocol. success implementation environmental friendly related technological change field. Many researchers tried connect innovation various characteristics, RD electricity ratio had positive impact denoting importance household prices determinants. At time, we mention follow this observation: efficiency, measures are sector, while affect industry sector. regression analyses showed interesting results both trends. While renewables favour price based instruments, taxes tariffs, favours legislative (like quotas) financial grants subsidies). observation very important it shows tendencies 17 years promote different For renewables, were boosted right crises, obligatory character order succeed. information combined mostly promoted (which definition consumes largest energy) links stringency policies. On contrary, liberate character. also connected households. After conclusions, provide clearer picture how linked them. conclusion, strongly existing measures, and, fact, greater than others. Price effective inducing technologies, saving innovation. During study, there found significant voluntary measures. general, public policies directly these conclusion could urge promotion parallel so (pollution abatement supply) achieved scheduled.