Insular shifts and trade-offs in life-history traits in pond frogs in the Zhoushan Archipelago, China

摘要: Island and mainland populations of animal species often differ strikingly in life-history traits such as clutch size, egg total reproductive effort body size. However, despite widespread recognition insular shifts these birds, mammals reptiles, there have been no reports amphibians. Furthermore, most studies focused on one specific trait without explicit consideration coordinated evolution among intimately linked traits, thus the relationships are poorly studied. Here we provide first evidence trade-offs a suite for an amphibian species, pond frog Rana nigromaculata. Life-history data were collected from eight islands Zhoushan Archipelago neighboring China. We found consistent, significant all between island populations. had smaller sizes, larger female size invested less than Significant negative after controlling effects Therefore, decreased frogs selected through overall strategy. Our findings contribute to formation broad, repeatable ecological generality across range terrestrial vertebrate taxa.