Food Standards, Smallholder Farmers and Participation in High Value Fresh Export Markets

摘要: The last two decades have witnessed many developing countries diversify exports into non traditional fresh (NTFE), especially fruits and vegetable. diversification has been driven by globalization changing consumer lifestyle among others. NTFE are grown mainly smallholder farmers in countries. As the trade with expanded, so demands for compliance very stringent food safety standards. What effect of these standards on farmer participation value chain? Where chain most affected? And how such adjusted to effects? This study uses green bean chains three African address questions. It identifies six critical points at which face greatest risk being marginalized strategies used respond threats order maintain their high-end export markets. Of control points, smallholders threatened exclusion from pre-harvest farm-level collection centre points. Farmers had use non-market namely, collective action public-private partnerships avoid chain. These findings imply that market, if left its own, could adopt solutions exclude