Project GROPEHaptic displays for scientific visualization

摘要: We began in 1967 a project to develop haptic+display for 6-D force fields of interacting protein molecules. approached it four stages: 2-D system, 3-D system tested with simple task, and full molecular docking our initial goal. This paper summarizes the entire project---the systems, evaluation experiments, results, observations. The results are new.Our principal conclusions are:• Haptic display as an augmentation visual can improve perception understanding both world models populated impenetrable objects.• Whereas man-machine systems outperform computer-only by orders magnitude on some problems, haptic-augmented interactive seem give about two-fold performance improvement over purely graphical systems. Better technology may somewhat more, but ten-fold does not be cards.• Chemists using GROPE-III readily reproduce true positions drugs whose is known (but them) find very good docks unknown. present tool promises yield new chemistry research results; being actively used chemists.• most valuable result from drug probably radically improved situation awareness that serious users report. say they have details receptor site its fields, why particular well or poorly.• see various scientific/education applications haptic displays believe entertainment, scientific visualization, will drive pace technology.• hardware-software we barely adequate, experience sets priorities future development.• Some unexpected perceptual phenomena were observed. All these worked us, against us.