Streptococcus pyogenes and re-emergence of scarlet fever as a public health problem

摘要: Explosive outbreaks of infectious diseases occasionally occur without immediately obvious epidemiological or microbiological explanations. Plague, cholera and Streptococcus pyogenes infection are some the epidemic-prone bacterial infections. Besides conventional methods, next-generation gene sequencing technology permits prompt detection genomic transcriptomic profiles associated with invasive phenotypes. Horizontal transfer due to mobile genetic elements carrying virulence factors antimicrobial resistance, mutations two component CovRS operon important conferring survival advantage invasiveness. The high incidence scarlet fever in children less than 10 years old suggests that lack protective immunity is an host factor. A population density, overcrowded living environment a low yearly rainfall environmental contributing outbreak development. Inappropriate antibiotic use not only ineffective for treatment, but may actually drive epidemic caused by drug-resistant strains worsen patient outcomes increasing density at site inducing toxin production. Surveillance severe S. because it can complicate concurrent chickenpox influenza. Concomitant these latter infections highly virulent strain be disastrous.