More losses than gains in ground-nesting bees over 60 years of urbanization

摘要: Along with agricultural intensification, urbanization is often implicated in bee declines worldwide. While the vast majority of studies investigate how assemblages respond to across different spatial scales, very few attempts have used a temporal comparison evaluate impact urbanization. The city Curitiba southern Brazil unique for having long-term data bees, and thus good model studying urban changes. main goal this study ground-nesting assemblage responded six decades growth Curitiba. In time lapse population grew from 140 thousand almost 2 million inhabitants. We demonstrate 94% decline nest abundance, 35% species richness, 24% phylogenetic diversity 1955 (T1) 2018 (T2). Temporal beta values between T1 T2 were high most sampling sites dominated by losses abundance. All changed similarly nesting substrates (i.e. exposed soil) substantial increase surrounding impervious surface. This exhibits depletion combined increases cover can affect pollinators, concerning scenario as bees friable soil are strongly susceptible emphasize that planning policies protect essential preserve important ecological service pollination cities.