An inclusive fitness-based exploration of the origin of soldiers: The roles of sex ratio, inbreeding, and soldier reproduction

摘要: I present an inclusive fitness model for the origin of soldiers that incorporates soldier production males and females, in haplodiploids diploids. In this paper, term refers to individual is morphologically and/or behaviorally specialized defense. However, presented here can usefully be extended other helping behaviors are episodic nature impact colony as a whole rather than behavior directed specific individuals. general, results show proto-soldier reproduction via sib-mating increases ease with which soldiering evolves. Male appear most apt evolve compared female Haplodiploid females expected produce greater proportion male dispersers relative their thereby increase predilection diploid populations. Application gall-forming thrips Australia reveals species basal phylogenetic branch where inferred have evolved lower threshold evolution more derived species. This pattern consistent offspring facilitating social thrips.