Autumn predation of northern red oak seed crops
作者： Kim C. Steiner
DOI:
关键词:
摘要: Production and autumn predation of northern red oak acorns was measured over four years in five Pennsylvania stands dominated by this species. Mean annual production 41,779/acre, which an average 7.9% destroyed insects or decay following insect attack, 38.6% removed vertebrates. White-tailed deer appeared to be the dominant vertebrate consumer acorns.
参考文章(14)
L. R. Auchmoody, Russell S. Walters, Factors limiting northern red oak reproduction in Pennsylvania In: Gillespie, Andrew R.; Parker, George R.; Pope, Phillip E.; Rink, George: eds. Proceedings of the 9th Central Hardwood Forest Conference; Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-161. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station: 271-280. ,vol. 161, ,(1993)
Stephen G. Boyce, David F. Olson, Factors affecting acorn production and germination and early growth of seedlings and seedling sprouts In: Oak Symposium Proceedings. 1971 August 16-20; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: Upper Darby, PA. 44-48.. ,(1971)
Clarence F. Korstian, Factors controlling germination and early survival in oaks Yale University. ,vol. 19, ,(1927)
W.M. Tzilkowski, E.R. Thorn, Mammal caching of oak acorns in a red pine and a mixed oak stand In: McCormick, Larry H.; Gottschalk, Kurt W., eds. Proceedings, 8th Central Hardwood Forest Conference; 1991 March 4-6; University Park, PA. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-148. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 299-304.. ,vol. 148, ,(1991)
K. C. Steiner, T. E. Kolb, Growth and biomass partitioning of northern red oak and yellow- poplar seedlings: effects of shading and grass root competition Forest Science. ,vol. 36, pp. 34- 44 ,(1990) , 10.1093/FORESTSCIENCE/36.1.34
Susan Darley-Hill, W. Carter Johnson, Acorn dispersal by the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Oecologia. ,vol. 50, pp. 231- 232 ,(1981) , 10.1007/BF00348043
T.E. Kolb, K.C. Steiner, L.H. McCormick, T.W. Bowersox, Growth response of northern red-oak and yellow-poplar seedlings to light, soil moisture and nutrients in relation to ecological strategy Forest Ecology and Management. ,vol. 38, pp. 65- 78 ,(1990) , 10.1016/0378-1127(90)90086-Q
Thomas Secher Jensen, Seed production and outbreaks of non-cyclic rodent populations in deciduous forests. Oecologia. ,vol. 54, pp. 184- 192 ,(1982) , 10.1007/BF00378391
Todd L. Scarlett, Kimberly G. Smith, Acorn Preference of Urban Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) during Fall and Spring in Northwestern Arkansas The Condor. ,vol. 93, pp. 438- 442 ,(1991) , 10.2307/1368961
I. Bossema, Jays and oaks: An eco-ethological study of a symbiosis Behaviour. ,vol. 70, pp. 1- 116 ,(1979) , 10.1163/156853979X00016