Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hazard assessment and ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewater treatment plants in Costa Rica.

摘要: Abstract The continuous release of pharmaceuticals from WWTP effluents to freshwater is a matter concern, due their potential effects on non-target organisms. occurrence in WWTPs and associated hazard have been scarcely studied Latin American countries. This study aimed at monitoring for the first time 70 pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) across Costa Rica; application quotient (HQ) approach coupled ecotoxicological determinations permitted identify posed by specific toxicity effluents, respectively. Thirty-three PhACs were found, with 1,7-dimethylxanthine, caffeine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen gemfibrozil being most frequently detected (influents/effluents). HQ revealed 24 high/medium influents, while amount only decreased 21 effluents. top values obtained risperidone, lovastatin, diphenhydramine fluoxetine (influent/effluent samples), plus caffeine (influent) trimethoprim (effluent). Likewise, estimation overall samples (sum individual HQ, ∑HQ) demonstrated that every influent 96% presented high towards aquatic Ecotoxicological analysis (Daphnia magna, Lactuca sativa Microtox test) 16.7% all benchmark organisms; phytotoxicity was particularly frequent, as inhibition ≥20% germination index L. ∑HQ estimated highest urban wastewater, results showed hospital landfill wastewater. rather poor correlation; instead, better correlations between parameters some such cephalexin diphenhydramine. Findings this provide novel information performance tropical region Central America.