Spinal Cord Stimulation for Spasticity: Historical Approaches, Current Status, and Future Directions

摘要: Introduction Millions of people worldwide suffer with spasticity related to irreversible damage the brain or spinal cord. Typical antecedent events include stroke, traumatic injury, and cord although insidious onset is also common. Regardless cause, resulting leads years disability reduced quality life. Many treatments are available manage spasticity; yet each fraught drawbacks including incomplete response, high cost, limited duration, dose-limiting side effects, periodic maintenance. Spinal stimulation (SCS), a once promising therapy for spasticity, has largely been relegated permanent experimental status. Methods In this review, our goal document critique history assess development SCS as treatment lower limb spasticity. By incorporating recent discoveries insights gained from early pioneers in field, we intend lay groundwork needed propose testable hypotheses future studies. Results SCS tested over 25 different conditions since potentially beneficial effect was first reported 1973. However, lack fully formed understanding pathophysiology archaic study methodology, technological limitations implantable hardware limit validity many studies. offers measure control that cannot be duplicated other interventions. Conclusions With improved energy-source miniaturization, tailored algorithms, novel implant design, clearer picture poised reintroduce test population.