Systematic conservation planning and the cost of tackling conservation conflicts with large carnivores in Italy

摘要: Conservation in Europe (including the establishment of protected areas) is undertaken mainly through legislation and on densely populated private land. Consequently, conflicts interest arise between human economic activities biodiversity conservation. We used a systematic approach to conservation planning explore different scenarios for Apennine populations wolves (Canis lupus) bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) Italy. The measures we considered were electrified fences guard dogs prevent from preying sheep. habitat suitability models two species as an estimate their distributions. Across study area, estimated potential intensity conflict caused by predation sheep cost antipredator measures. examined that identified systems sites where should be applied either minimize plan or tackle predetermined amount conflict. overall plans ranged €1,486,000 €16,876,000, depending scenario size target. Because (i.e., predation) resolution correlated, minimized also was addressed. Conserving these addressing up 4.36 times more expensive than conserving them providing suitable areas low Yet avoiding not always desirable because it can drastically reduce options Choosing requires consideration level threat target sensitivity conflicts.