The ethological relevance of predator odors to induce changes in prey species

摘要: Predator odors are non-intrusive naturalistic stressors of high ethological relevance. Prey species show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance, and defense against predators. For many mammalian species, this includes sensitivity towards predator-derived odors. The typical sources such include predator skin fur, urine, feces, anal gland secretions. Avoidance has been observed in prey including rats, mice, voles. Field laboratory studies have distinctive behavioral effects which (1) inhibition or decreased activity; (2) suppression non-defensive behaviors as foraging, feeding, grooming; (3) shifts to safe habitats secured locations where not present. Chronic exposure odor may elicit one two controversial processes: sensitization habituation. Some suggested chronic induce while others stated little even no habituation at all. Finally, respond variably different degrees threats, the intensity is a key factor determine “optimal” response. Future research should aim linking neuroendocrine changes for better understanding predator–prey interactions.