Variation of life history traits and mating patterns in female langur monkeys ( Semnopithecus entellus )

摘要: To determine nutritional and social influences on life history traits mating behavior in female langur monkeys, new long-term data for a feral population living multi-male groups under poor conditions are presented compared with published the same species one-male excellent conditions. Under conditions, conceptions were confined to 5 months per year, coinciding period of highest activity. Age at first parturition, gestation periods, lactation interbirth intervals all significantly increased resulting more than 50% reduced reproductive rate The pattern sexual during was influenced by neither nor but frequency higher groups. Furthermore, estrus length where females tended mate as many resident males available. Both phenomena, together high percentage occurring outside mid-cycle estrus, interpreted light paternity confusion infanticide is regularly observed. extreme variation patterns disclosed here one suggests that future cross-species comparisons should strictly select datasets based local ecological