Biological Diversity in the Patent System

摘要: Biological diversity in the patent system is an enduring focus of controversy but empirical analysis presence biodiversity has been limited. To address this problem we text mined 11 million documents for 6 Latin species names from Global Names Index (GNI) established by Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Encyclopedia Life (EOL). We identified 76,274 full 23,882 genera 767,955 documents. 25,595 appeared claims section 136,880 This reveals that human innovative activity involving focuses on approximately 4% taxonomically described between 0.8–1% predicted global species. In article identify major features landscape biological focusing key areas including pharmaceuticals, neglected diseases, traditional medicines, genetic engineering, foods, biocides, marine resources Antarctica. conclude narrow ownership unlikely to be long term interest humanity. argue a broader spectrum needs opened up research development based principles equitable benefit-sharing, respect objectives Convention Diversity, rights ethics. Finally, alternative models innovation, such as open source commons models, are required addresses actual need. The aims inform implementation 2010 Nagoya Protocol Access Genetic Resources Equitable Sharing Benefits Arising their Utilization international debates directed governance resources. Our also under Intergovernmental Committee Intellectual Property Resources, Traditional Knowledge Folklore at World Organization.