How allogenic factors affect succession in glacier forefields

摘要: Abstract In glacier forefields, the chronosequence approach is used to investigate ecological, biogeochemical and physical features of autogenic successional change as a function time. Chronosequences rely on central assumptions that all sites were subjected same initial environmental conditions have undergone sequence change, thus only differ by their age. many cases, these two can be challenged fact allogenic factors (initial geomorphological disturbances) may affect rates and/or trajectories sequences in spatially temporally heterogeneous manner. Here, we emphasize patterns forefield should interpreted result (1) changes (equivalent time since deglaciation), (2) site (3) disturbances. We provide an original up-to-date synthesis knowledge from various fields how local (climate, substrate properties resources availability) (hillslope, fluvial, periglacial aeolian) disturbances evolution ecosystems. Further, present conceptual model for ecosystem development whereby stochastic are important early stages but gradually decline thereafter, while relative importance processes increases over course sequences. Lastly, summarize biota biogeomorphological feedbacks major types taking place forefields.