Testing regimes in clinical trials: Evidence from four polio vaccine trajectories

摘要: This paper highlights distinctive features of a neglected class economic activity in the domain medical innovation, namely creation testing regimes clinical trials, asking how their nature might be expected to affect innovation technology. It argues firstly that trials are not simply about passively validating an already well-known technology and verifying its safety. Rather, part more active process learning allows pharmaceutical innovations useful outside laboratory. secondly product development can proceed along number long costly paths before product’s behaviour actual practice becomes clear, which make selecting between alternative courses action difficult. Thus, choice need go hand-in-hand. To consider these arguments, maps out four trajectories polio vaccine development, tracing through since 1950s, describes some defining for innovation. These include institutions integrate knowledge co-ordinate skills processes, capabilities allocating resources, managing testability constraints, sharing improving commensurability communities.