From raw materials to NORM by-products

摘要: Abstract Naturally occurring radionuclides are present in the Earth crust; however, their distribution is not homogeneous. When primary or secondary raw materials containing relatively low concentrations of naturally introduced an industrial process then can become more concentrated produced (by-)products. For example, during production purified metals, throughout purification process, also other elements, such as radionuclides, by-products. In order to assure radiation protection population, it important map potential exposure for workers and general public. There extensive literature available regarding presence various by-products; be hard review even interpret regulators members industry safe use by-products example construction. To solve this problem data mining text processing have been applied ever-increasing numbers publications (More than 39,000 filtered processed up Jan. 6, 2017), NORM4Building database has compiled based on analysis collected data. Based using methods most NORM prone industries identified. This chapter gives a concise overview parameters considered selection feedstock construction industry, specifically cement, concrete, ceramics. frame technical radiological properties representative processes (such coal combustion; iron steel production; alumina, zirconia, phosphate industry; etc.) discussed, especially considering needs new European Basic Safety Standards.