Addressing the Perfect Storm: Biomarkers in Obesity and Pathophysiology of Cardiometabolic Risk.

摘要: BACKGROUND: The worldwide rise of obesity has provoked intensified research to better understand its pathophysiology as a means for disease prevention. Several biomarkers that may reflect various pathophysiological pathways link and cardiometabolic diseases have been identified over the past decades. CONTENT: We summarize evidence regarding role established novel obesity-related biomarkers, focusing on recent epidemiological detrimental associations with including cancer. reviewed include glucose–insulin homeostasis (insulin, insulin-like growth factors, C-peptide), adipose tissue (adiponectin, omentin, apelin, leptin, resistin, fatty-acid-binding protein-4), inflammatory (C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α), omics-based (metabolites microRNAs). SUMMARY: Although many classical adiponectin C-reactive protein (CRP), in etiology initially promising, causal humans remains limited. Further, there little demonstrated ability improve prediction beyond risk factors. In era “precision medicine,” is an increasing interest extended list potentially promising such adipokines, cytokines, metabolites, microRNAs, implicated bring new promise improved, personalized To further evaluate etiological early-disease-prediction targets, well-designed studies are needed temporal associations, replicate findings, test clinical utility biomarkers. particular, determine therapeutic implications metabolic factors highly warranted.