Assessment of the Spatial Dynamics and Interactions among Multiple Ecosystem Services to Promote Effective Policy Making across Mediterranean Island Landscapes

摘要: To manage multiple ecosystem services (ES) effectively, it is essential to understand how the dynamics of ES maintain healthy ecosystems avoid potential negative impacts on human well-being in context sustainable development. In particular, Ionian Islands central Mediterranean are characterized by high natural, ecological, and recreational value; however, intensification activities over time has resulted loss natural ecosystems, which might have negatively impacted ES. Here, we aimed assess spatiotemporal supply these components interact across optimize future provision mitigate current trade-offs. We quantified analyzed their interactions at a temporal scale four prefectures Islands. Seven were covering all three sections (provisioning, regulating maintenance, cultural) Common International Classification Ecosystem Services (CICES). investigated analyzing relationships, identifying bundles (sets that repeatedly occur together space time), specifying occurrence within bundles. The groups exhibited similar patterns some islands, but differed islands with areas recreation parallel low provisioning Temporal variations showed both stability changes ES, as well among them. Different caused degree mixing between vegetation olive orchards. This study identified seven had distinct compositions magnitudes, unique common being found islands. grove bundle delivered most while non-vegetated negligible amounts Spatial variation appear be determined agriculture, land abandonment, increasing tourism, fires. Knowledge about spatial could provide information for stakeholders decision-making processes develop appropriate management secure social, economic resilience.