Crop yield, weed cover and ecosystem multifunctionality are not affected by the duration of organic management

摘要: Abstract Organic farming is gaining importance in view of its beneficial effects on soil quality, environmental performance and biodiversity. However, it still unclear how organic management performs over time whether the duration influences crop yield ecosystem functioning. Here we compared 34 fields Swiss farms assigned to four groups: 1) conventionally managed farms; 2) transition (in 1st – 3rd year); 3) converted moderately long ago (9–13 years); 4) subjected long-term (15–32 years). We selected one field per farm examined two subsequent years practices (conventional vs. farming) affected yield, weed cover, fertility biodiversity as well overall system performance, assessed multifunctionality. Maize (-6.0%) wheat (-22.2%) decreased conventional fields. did not affect yield. There was also no effect cover but much higher under management, with mean values 33.0% 2.0% maize, 13.4% 1.2% wheat, respectively. Soil microbial activities were significantly different between practices, which might be due large variation among Root colonization arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased (+19.7%) wheat. Overall, this study demonstrates a rapid shift agro-ecological functions after conversion that has impact fertility.