The continuous adjoint approach to the k–ω SST turbulence model with applications in shape optimization

摘要: In this article, the gradient of aerodynamic objective functions with respect to design variables, in problems governed by incompressible Navier–Stokes equations coupled k–ω SST turbulence model, is computed using continuous adjoint method, for first time. Shape optimization minimizing drag, external aerodynamics (flows around isolated airfoils), or viscous losses internal (duct flows) are considered. Sensitivity derivatives proposed method compared those finite differences a variant based on frequently used assumption frozen turbulence; latter proves need differentiating model. Geometries produced runs performed sensitivities and ‘frozen turbulence’ also quantify gain from formulating solving model equations.