Environmental Management Systems (EMS) implementation processes and practices in European higher education institutions – Top-down versus participatory approaches

摘要: Abstract Environmental Management Systems (EMS) have been implemented on a large scale to improve companies' environmental performance and certify their achievements. More recently, universities are following this trend, which has brought forward by the debate about campus sustainability. This empirical international research investigates EMS development implementation processes in around Europe, providing an overview European higher education institutions with at campuses, focuses comparison of top-down versus participatory approaches. In addition regional differences, article discusses aspects can be seen as tool that goes beyond operational tackle Furthermore, it provides implications for professional practice.