Particle Acceleration and Transport at CME-Driven Shocks

摘要: The theory of shock acceleration is first reviewed briefly including a discussion the basic diffusive transport equation and list its successes in accounting for many energetic particle populations throughout heliosphere, particular storm (ESP) events. difficulties applying to solar particles (SEPs) gradual events at CME-driven wave are then enumerated: complex temporal spatial dependence, sensitivity predictions values coefficients, unknown injection rates, importance nearly scatter-free propagation interplanetary space, competing adiabatic deceleration wind. Nevertheless, most promising origin ion It shown that finite lifetime, while providing an energy cutoff ∼ 1 MeV/nucleon orbit Earth (consistent with ESP events), may actually allow ions 100 when 20 radii. also accounts observed elemental charge-state composition events, global scale their near Sun.