Estonian Human Development Report 2016/2017 Estonia at the Age of Migration EHDR 2016/2017 Ethnic segregation in the Estonian labour market

摘要: Theoretical approaches as well as state policies see the labour market as an important entry point for immigrants into their host society (Lessard-Phillips et al. 2012). The success of labour-market integration depends on a number of factors, both individual (eg skills and personal attributes) as well as structural and institutional factors (immigration policies, educational systems and labour-market regulations, also anti-discrimination measures to ensure equal opportunities in the labour market). Empirical evidence clearly shows that the labour market position of immigrants or ethnic minorities is worse than that of the native population-the ethnic majority-but much depends on the circumstances of their arrival, country of origin, and level of education and other skills, including language proficiency (Crul & Schneider 2010).The capacity of the state to integrate newcomers might best be evaluated not by analysing the success of the first generation, but of their children, ie the second-generation immigrants (Portes & Rumbaut 2001). This approach might be applied to Estonia society as well, given that the second and third generation of people who arrived in Estonia after World War II from the Soviet Union have already entered the Estonian labour market. At the time their (grand) parents arrived in Estonia, the political, social and economic context was totally different from the current one, although geographically it is still the same.