Biodiversity policies in commercial boreal forests

摘要: Biodiversity conservation in commercial boreal forests requires both longer rotation periods and leaving retention trees to create structural elements of old and decaying wood, to support variety of species. We define analytically in an extended Hartman model the first-best instruments to induce the Faustmannian or Hartmanian private landowners to behave in a socially optimal manner. A fully synchronized combination of subsidy and tax instruments is needed both to lengthen the privately optimal rotation period and to provide an incentive to leave retention trees. With Finnish data for Scots pine, when combined with a harvest tax, the retention tree subsidy is 1000 and 7500 euros per ha in the Faustmann and in the Hartman model, respectively. When combined with a timber subsidy or a site value tax, the retention tree subsidy is 1900 euros per ha in both models. The harvest tax rate varies over the range 40-60% in the Faustmann model and 20-40% in the Hartman model, while timber subsidy is between 0.5 and 1.0%..