Loss of an apex predator in the wild induces physiological and behavioural changes in prey

摘要: Predators can impact prey via predation or risk effects, which can initiate trophic cascades. Given widespread population declines of apex predators, understanding and predicting the associated ecological consequences is a priority. When predation risk is relatively unpredictable or uncontrollable by prey, the loss of predators is hypothesized to release prey from stress; however, there are few tests of this hypothesis in the wild. A well-studied predator–prey system between white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) in False Bay, South Africa, has previously demonstrated elevated faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations (fGCMs) in seals exposed to high levels of predation risk from white sharks. A recent decline and disappearance of white sharks from the system has coincided with a pronounced decrease in seal fGCM concentrations. Seals have concurrently …