Paradoxes and puzzles of/in citizen science

摘要: Citizen science (CS) can be broadly defined as a process in which nonexperts engage in scientific research or data collection with or without the support of science professionals (Irwin 1995; Bonney et al. 2009). Whereas the concept of CS in science is currently in vogue inside and outside science and research (Kulleberg & Kasperowski 2016), it can–and typically does–take on multiple forms, giving rise to tensions, contradictions, paradoxes, and puzzles. For instance, credentialed scientists may mobilize lay citizens to assist with scientific observations and classifications. While this contributory approach to CS is likely to yield valuable scientific data, it risks closing down opportunities to develop a genuine public engagement culture in which citizens and scientists cocreate research problems, agendas, and policies. Elsewhere, some scientists engage ‘in their free time’in their own research activities. To what extent might the output of these activities be classed as ‘Citizen’or ‘Professional’science and what impact does this have on what is produced? The notion of CS itself is paradoxical as it embeds divergent notions of science, citizenship, and democracy (eg, invited versus self-organized and more politically-laden citizen engagement), which stakeholders must negotiate or ‘work out’through exchanges between them. Examples pertain to the language stakeholders use to make sense of mutual engagements (Eitzel et al. 2017), the technologies and material arrangements (eg, forms of infrastructure) that come into play (Gabrys 2021), the boundaries that are drawn around what counts as CS (Ottinger 2010), and the" data politics"(eg, a commitment …