Evaluation of conventional and alternative sanitation technologies using the life cycle assessment approach

摘要: Most of our drinking water and wastewater infrastructure are at the end of their useful life facing significant deterioration, causing leaks and water losses. These losses are a waste of both energy and water, considering both water and wastewater treatment systems are very energy intensive. In order to deal with the urban water infrastructure issues, EPA has listed out the following goals: asset management, water and energy efficiency, infrastructure financing, price of water services and alternative technologies assessment. This dissertation addresses two of EPA’s goals, water and energy efficiency and alternative technologies assessment. Three approaches were taken to address these goals. In the first approach, the life cycle energy demand for water and wastewater studies were reviewed from literature to understand the energy requirements of these systems and propose a benchmark energy demand. System …