Cellular cryobiology: A review of basic concepts and" operating design" of cryopreserved cells

摘要: Cell preservation systems could be classified into the following three categories: 1) liquid-state conservation (at hypothermic condition, but over 0 C; 2) frozen-state storage at ultra-low temperatures (cryostorage); 3) cell cultivation in an artificial medium (normothermic storage). Cell or tissue cultures need nutrients, buffers, and other supplements for metabolism to preserve cells in a" near-normal"(comparatively physiological) condition. On the contrary, the purpose of cell cooling (refrigeration) is to reduce cell needs for energy production and its consumption (for protein synthesis, ion transport, and other biochemical activities) at long-term storage [1].Cryobiology is an innovative scientific discipline that evaluates influences of subzero (≤ 0C) and ultra-low (-80±5 C or lower) temperatures on cell integrity and functionality, as well as determines facts/approaches applicable in cryo-practice. Cryopreservation (CP) is a thermodynamically well-defined operating system, specific for each cell type or" biosubstratum", that protects cellular organelles, isolated cells, cell clusters, or tissues during cooling to ultra-low temperatures. This method is beneficial when cells are biologically and/or thermally unstable using liquid-state cell preservation [2][3][4].