8 Direct Membrane

摘要: The term ‘wastewater’can simply be defined as ‘used water’. This includes contaminated water from residential sources (laundry, toilet, bathroom, sinks, etc.), technically known as domestic wastewater, effluent from manufacturing facilities, known as industrial wastewater, and water from offices, hotels, stores, known as urban/commercial wastewater [1, 2]. Typically, wastewater contains all manner of contaminants such as pathogens, organics (COD, turbidity, and color), salts, and emerging contaminants, and therefore, requires extensive treatment before being discharged or reused.Effective wastewater treatment has become a necessity as it has a bearing on the availability of potable water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. In the World Economic Forum 2019, freshwater scarcity was identified as one of the most pressing global challenges posing threats to future socioeconomic growth [3, 4]. Herein, reclaimed wastewater has been considered an alternate water supply for non-potable (indirect) or potable use, as well as a viable route to water sustainability [5, 6]. Wastewater treatment has evolved over the years, accommodating the ever-increasing human population and its effects on industrial and agricultural activities. Through this evolution, direct membrane filtration processes have been in the limelight of research, providing many options for effective wastewater treatment and resource recovery. The ease of design and maintenance, low capital cost, high water quality, less sludge production, the flexibility of use, and the ability for remote use, among others, are the advantages of direct membrane filtration processes [7, 8]. Generally, to …