Transporting renewables: systematic planning for long-distance HVDC lines

摘要: The planning and operation of high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines within synchronous alternating current (AC) transmission networks has become an important topic, particularly with the integration of remote renewables into the grid. The optimal dispatch of particular fixed AC-DC networks has already been studied in the literature; we focus in this paper on optimizing the initial positioning of the DC network within the AC network and how it should be optimally sized. The problem is challenging because the optimization criteria (such as reducing congestion, overloading and losses) are non-linear while the optimization space of possible connection points of the DC terminals is discrete. Techniques are presented here based on a linearized version of the AC load-flow equations known as power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs). Examples are calculated for Germany in the year 2030 and for the European …