The Scientific Naturalist

摘要: Appendix S1: Fig. S2). Starlings are also unable to digest sucrose (Bizaare et al. 2012), which typically constitutes a third of the sugars in G. capensis nectar (33%+ 10%, n= 11 flowers). Small insects, including ants, beetles, and flies were observed crawling over leaves and flowers but moved from male to female flowers and made contact with both male and female reproductive parts in less than one percent of 124 visits for which such detail was visible in camera footage. Selective exclusion experiments showed that plants require animal vectors to transfer pollen; however, exclusion of vertebrates from plants reduced fecundity by 95%, whereas additional exclusion of insects reduced reproductive success by only a further four percent (Fig. 1). These results support our