Spectroscopic analysis of lead tin yellow pigment in medieval necklace beads from Kernavė-Kriveikiškės cemetery in Lithuania.

摘要: A combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energydispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDX), infrared spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy was applied to identify the chemical composition and characterize pigments on glass beads from necklaces found in the Kernavė-Kriveikiškės cemetery in Lithuania, dated back to the 13–14th centuries. Raman measurements conclusively prove that lead tin yellow type II pigment is the main material of the yellow opaque beads. Based on XRD studies, the average crystallite size of the bead pigment (PbSn0. 76Si0. 24O3) was found to be 159 nm. No evidence for the presence of other pigments was found. The analysis of the results has clearly demonstrated that the methodological approach applied for the investigation of such beads’ composition is appropriate, effective and reliable. The spectroscopic analysis of the chemical …