Why, When, and How to Perform Plaque Modification and Subintimal Tracking and Re-entry with Deferred Stenting for Failed Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Cases

摘要: The expanded hybrid algorithm for chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) allows not only the clarification of the best initial approach, but also the identification of the reasonable moment to stop the procedure. What to do in such failing cases is still a matter of debate. In this chapter, we discuss the plaque modification and subintimal tracking and re-entry with deferred stenting techniques for failed CTO PCI cases.