hummingbirds: contrasting evolutionary histories of tree line and habitat-generalist clades

摘要: Aim To assess geographical and temporal patterns of diversification in Metallura hummingbirds, particularly with respect to topographical barriers climatic variation between different populations. Location Tropical Andes. Methods We estimated a multilocus phylogeny for all nine species evaluated phylogeographical within tyrianthina using mitochondrial DNA sequences from across its range (n = 192). tested mechanisms classification sampling sites, coalescent-based dating, lineages-through-time plots dispersal–vicariance analysis. Results consists two main clades: (1) the tree line specialists M. aeneocauda superspecies; (2) habitat-generalist clade that includes iracunda. phoebe was recovered as sister some analyses. In both clades, there marked genetic structure almost no climatically distinct regions absence barriers. The exhibited deeper divergences Central Andes than elsewhere, south-to-north history diversification, whereas showed Northern southward expansion. A pure-birth model explained steady net rate hummingbirds through Pliocene Pleistocene. Main conclusions Isolation best tyrianthina. clades expanded opposite ends Andes, leading asynchronous divergence common Cycles expansion followed by isolation may explain preponderance idiosyncratic area relationships are typical Andean clades. Geoclimatic dynamism during Pleistocene caused