Genetics of congenital hand anomalies.

摘要: Congenital limb malformations exhibit a wide spectrum of phenotypic manifestations and may occur as an isolated malformation part syndrome. They are individually rare, but due to their overall frequency severity they clinical relevance. In recent years, increasing knowledge the molecular basis embryonic development has significantly enhanced our understanding congenital malformations. addition, genetic studies have revealed number conditions with primary or secondary involvement. The findings led regrouping in terms. However, establishment precise genotype-phenotype correlations for is difficult high degree variability. We present overview based on anatomic concept reflecting developmental insights.