Failure After Curative Surgery Alone

摘要: Many changes have occurred in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer this century. Improvements technique, anaesthesia and postoperative care all contributed to a marked reduction mortality during first half century [42, 84]. The trend towards sphincter preservation, which had begun decades before, accelerated through 1980s due widespread availability use modern stapling devices recognition that 2 cm was adequate distal clearance on wall most cases [101]. Consequently, ratio abdominoperineal resections (APR) anterior (AR) for has been reversed last two decades. However, not accompanied by significant reductions disease recurrence death over same period [41, 60, 101, 127].